Measurement bias in self-heating x-ray free electron laser experiments from diffraction studies of phase transformation in titanium

X-ray self-heating is a common by-product of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) techniques that can affect targets, optics, and other irradiated materials. Diagnosis of heating and induced changes in samples may be performed using the x-ray beam itself as a probe. However, the relationship between conditions created by and inferred from x-ray irradiation is unclear and may be highly dependent on the material system under consideration. Here, we report on a simple case study of a titanium foil irradiated, heated, and probed by a MHz XFEL pulse train at 18.1 keV delivered by the European XFEL using measured x-ray diffraction to determine temperature and finite element analysis to interpret the experimental data. We find a complex relationship between apparent temperatures and sample temperature distributions that must be accounted for to adequately interpret the data, including beam averaging effects, multivalued temperatures due to sample phase transitions, and jumps and gaps in the observable temperature near phase transformations. The results have implications for studies employing x-ray probing of systems with large temperature gradients, particularly where these gradients are produced by the beam itself. Finally, this study shows the potential complexity of studying nonlinear sample behavior, such as phase transformations, where biasing effects of temperature gradients can become paramount, precluding clear observation of true transformation conditions.

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Publication Details

Journal
Journal of Applied Physics
Published
2024-09-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0215908
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.61

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article

Measurement bias in self-heating x-ray free electron laser experiments from diffraction studies of phase transformation in titanium

Anshuman Mondal, Alexander F. Goncharov, Orianna B. Ball, S. Speziale et al.
1 citations
Journal of Applied Physics
Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
0.61
article

Measurement bias in self-heating x-ray free electron laser experiments from diffraction studies of phase transformation in titanium

Anshuman Mondal, Alexander F. Goncharov, Orianna B. Ball, S. Speziale, Choong-Shik Yoo, Zuzana Konôpková, Jola Sztuk-Dambietz, Alba San José Méndez, Vitali B. Prakapenka, G. Morard, Torsten Laurus, A. L. Coleman, Anand Dwivedi, Blake T. Sturtevant, C. Strohm, M. I. McMahon, Nenad Velisavljevic, Egor Koemets, Sébastien Merkel, Thomas R. Preston, Karen Appel, Rachel J. Husband, Clemens Prescher, Hauke Marquardt, H. Graafsma, Larissa Q. Huston, Hyunchae Cynn, Stephan Stern, Hanns‐Peter Liermann, R. S. McWilliams, J. McHardy, U. Zastrau, Jaeyong Kim, Valerio Cerantola, Johannes Kaa, Xinyang Li, Huijeong Hwang, Zs. Jenei
article en
1 citations

Abstract

X-ray self-heating is a common by-product of X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) techniques that can affect targets, optics, and other irradiated materials. Diagnosis of heating and induced changes in samples may be performed using the x-ray beam itself as a probe. However, the relationship between conditions created by and inferred from x-ray irradiation is unclear and may be highly dependent on the material system under consideration. Here, we report on a simple case study of a titanium foil irradiated, heated, and probed by a MHz XFEL pulse train at 18.1 keV delivered by the European XFEL using measured x-ray diffraction to determine temperature and finite element analysis to interpret the experimental data. We find a complex relationship between apparent temperatures and sample temperature distributions that must be accounted for to adequately interpret the data, including beam averaging effects, multivalued temperatures due to sample phase transitions, and jumps and gaps in the observable temperature near phase transformations. The results have implications for studies employing x-ray probing of systems with large temperature gradients, particularly where these gradients are produced by the beam itself. Finally, this study shows the potential complexity of studying nonlinear sample behavior, such as phase transformations, where biasing effects of temperature gradients can become paramount, precluding clear observation of true transformation conditions.

Journal of Applied PhysicsVol. 136(11)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (US), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US), Los Alamos National Laboratory (US), Carnegie Institution for Science (US), TU Dortmund University (DE), University of Münster (DE), Université de Lille (FR), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE), Edinburgh College (GB), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (KR), University of Oxford (GB), University of Chicago (US), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (FR), Unité Matériaux et Transformations (FR), GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences (DE), Earth and Planets Laboratory, Hanyang University (KR), University of Milano-Bicocca (IT), Washington State University (US), École Centrale de Lille (FR), European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (DE), Anyang University (KR), University of Edinburgh (GB)
National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, UK Research and Innovation, Carnegie Institution for Science, Atomic Weapons Establishment, European Commission, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, National Nuclear Security Administration, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers, Division of Materials Research, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Openalex Percentile: Top 31%
Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
0.61
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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