Induced Topologies of Independent Domination in Helm Graphs

Let G be a graph. [1] The independent domination topology (ID topology) of G, denoted by TI (G) is the topology generated by the family IG of all independent dominating sets of G. In this paper, we introduce and characterize and describe the independent domination topology through the context of the independent dominating sets of the helm graph Hn. This study highlights the significance of this topology in optimizing network designs and computational systems, offering a foundation for future research and practical applications.