Efficacy of inflammation-based stratification for add-on celecoxib or minocycline in major depressive disorder: Protocol of the INSTA-MD double-blind placebo-controlled randomised clinical trial

Different lines of evidence confirm the involvement of the immune system in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. Up to 30% of depressed patients present with an immune-mediated subtype, characterized by peripheral inflammation (high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) ≥ 3 mg/l) and an atypical symptom profile with fatigue, anhedonia, increased appetite, and hypersomnia. This immune-mediated subtype of MDD is associated with poorer response to first-line antidepressant treatment. Consequently, strategies for immune-targeted augmentation should be prioritised towards patients with this subtype. Meta-analyses have shown modest but heterogeneous treatment effects with immune-targeted augmentation in unstratified MDD cohorts, with celecoxib and minocycline as most promising first-line treatment options. However, no study has prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of a priori stratification by baseline inflammation levels for add-on celecoxib or minocycline in MDD. The INSTA-MD trial is a multicentre, 12-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group stratified clinical trial of adjunctive minocycline or celecoxib to treatment-as-usual for patients with MDD. Two hundred forty adult patients with Major Depressive Disorder who failed to remit with one or two trials of antidepressant treatment will be enrolled and allocated to high-hsCRP (hsCRP ≥3 mg/L) or low-hsCRP (hsCRP <3 mg/L) strata, where disproportional stratified sampling will ensure equally sized strata. Participants in each hsCRP stratum will be randomised to augment their ongoing antidepressant treatment with either adjunctive minocycline, celecoxib or placebo for a duration of 12 weeks, resulting in six treatment arms of each 40 participants. The primary objective is to evaluate the efficacy of immune-targeted augmentation with minocycline or celecoxib versus placebo, and the use of baseline hsCRP stratification to predict treatment response. Additionally, we will perform a head-to-head analysis between the two active compounds. The primary outcome measure is change in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) total score. Secondary outcome measures will be response and remission rates, and change in inflammation-specific symptoms, adverse events and therapy acceptability (adherence). Further exploratory analyses will be performed with an array of peripheral inflammatory biomarkers, metabolic outcomes and physiological data. The aim of INSTA-MD is to advance the use of immune-targeted precision psychiatry, by supporting the implementation of targeted hsCRP screening and treatment of immune-mediated MDD as a cost-effective intervention in primary care settings. Based on previous studies, we expect immune-targeted augmentation with minocycline or celecoxib to yield a superior remission rate of 15–30% compared to treatment as usual for immune-mediated cases of MDD. By treating immune-related depression early in the treatment algorithm with repurposed first-line anti-inflammatory treatments, we can significantly improve the outcomes of these patients, and reduce the global societal and economic burden of depression. This protocol has been approved by the Medical Ethics Review Board (CTR - 04/08/2023) Trial registration number NCT05644301 (Clinical trial.gov ), EU-CT 2022-501692-35-00. • Inflammation-based stratification of MDD patients using hsCRP for tailored therapy. • Head-to-head evaluation of celecoxib and minocycline as adjunct treatments in MDD. • Optimization of immune-targeted augmentation strategies in antidepressant therapy. • Assessing hsCRP as a predictor of treatment response in immune-mediated depression. • Multi-centre 12-week double-blind RCT protocol laying groundwork for precision psychiatry.