Assessment of water quality in the Great Zab River (Erbil city, Iraq) exposed to wastewater from different industries using the WQI and GIS-based Python script approaches

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to assess the water quality of the Great Zab River (GZR) under potential pollutant pressure from some industries. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to evaluate the results of the water quality monitoring study. WQI and Geographical Information System (GIS)-based Python scripts were used to evaluate the results. Results indicate varying water qualities, ranging from moderate to poor, with fluctuations attributed to pollution from industrial plants mixing with river water. The WQI rating of the GZR before industrial discharges was 57.48, and in the lower part, after discharges, the WQI rating was 56.00, indicating marginal water quality. In contrast, the areas near the Cola Factory, where the river confluence occurs, have WQI values of 43.32 and 44.97, representing unacceptable, poor water quality. The study highlights that the refinery, Cola factory, and power plant locations significantly impact the river's water quality. These findings underscore the urgent need to adopt ecological practices, establish environmental regulations, and implement sustainable technologies to preserve the river's natural state. Concise measures aimed at eliminating pollutant sources and enhancing environmental awareness within communities are essential for the conservation of the GZR and the the protection of its surrounding ecosystems. surrounding ecosystems.