Microalgae bio-reactive façade: System thermal–biological optimization

This article explores numerically the biotechnological performances of microalgae biofaçade. The model computes the system’s thermal behavior using a radiative-convective approach accounting for location on Earth and actual weather data. In a coupled manner, it simulates the microalgae culture behavior, i.e. light-driven growth and cell pigment content acclimation. In addition, it features refinement such as wavelength-dependent biomass optical properties and thermal-modulated biological rates. Thanks to this model, operation strategies and design possibilities were evaluated using actual weather data for a biofaçade module deployed in Marseille in 2023. Investigations revealed that a semi-batch mode of operation, while simplistic, is the most efficient way to operate a biofaçade if sole biological production is considered (about 18.0 ± 0.9 kg per year, 2.44 ± 0.12 g/L output concentration). However, if intended as an office glazing, turbidostat mode of operation should be preferred for aesthetic and visual comfort reasons (about 19.1 ± 1.1 kg per year, 0.64 ± 0.07 g/L output concentration). System optimization also confirmed the experimental observation that the system could be prone to overheating. Nevertheless, while overheating can be mitigated by increasing the reservoir thickness, this strategy is detrimental to the average output concentration. Finally, location-specific optimization revealed that a standard biofaçade module could be deployed over France, and system performances are derived for the whole country thanks to the weather forecast agency data. • Biofaçades are considered a potential synergy between buildings and microalgae. • A model coupling weather, illumination, temperature, and cell growth was used to describe system behavior. • Bioprocess control procedures (semi-batch, turbidostat, continuous) are investigated. • Particle Swarm Optimizer coupled with a Genetic Algorithm is used to optimized the system. • Biofaçade module standardization can be envisioned with minimal impact on biotechnological performances.