Estimation of Condition Number of Quasi-Static Darwin Model

This study discusses the estimation of the condition number of the quasi-static Darwin model, which is shown to be a nearly singular system of equations with a large kernel derived from the gauge invariance of full Maxwell’s equations. Inequality evaluations for a minimum nonzero singular value, maximum singular value, and condition number for a nearly singular system of equations and its augmented system are provided. This discussion reveals the nearly singular nature of the Darwin model and proves the effectiveness of the augmented system method for solving the Darwin model.