Broadband multi-wavelength properties of M87 during the 2018 EHT campaign including a very high energy flaring episode
Context. The nearby elliptical galaxy M87 contains one of only two supermassive black holes whose emission surrounding the event horizon has been imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). In 2018, more than two dozen multi-wavelength (MWL) facilities (from radio to γ -ray energies) took part in the second M87 EHT campaign. Aims. The goal of this extensive MWL campaign was to better understand the physics of the accreting black hole M87*, the relationship between the inflow and inner jets, and the high-energy particle acceleration. Understanding the complex astrophysics is also a necessary first step towards performing further tests of general relativity. Methods. The MWL campaign took place in April 2018, overlapping with the EHT M87* observations. We present a new, contemporaneous spectral energy distribution (SED) ranging from radio to very high-energy (VHE) γ -rays as well as details of the individual observations and light curves. We also conducted phenomenological modelling to investigate the basic source properties. Results. We present the first VHE γ -ray flare from M87 detected since 2010. The flux above 350 GeV more than doubled within a period of ≈36 hours. We find that the X-ray flux is enhanced by about a factor of two compared to 2017, while the radio and millimetre core fluxes are consistent between 2017 and 2018. We detect evidence for a monotonically increasing jet position angle that corresponds to variations in the bright spot of the EHT image. Conclusions. Our results show the value of continued MWL monitoring together with precision imaging for addressing the origins of high-energy particle acceleration. While we cannot currently pinpoint the precise location where such acceleration takes place, the new VHE γ -ray flare already presents a challenge to simple one-zone leptonic emission model approaches, and it emphasises the need for combined image and spectral modelling.
Authors
- Wanga Mulaudzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4514-625X)
- M. Panter
- Ben Prather (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0393-7734)
- Dimitrios Psaltis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-3240)
- I. Vovk
- Chi‐kwan Chan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6337-6126)
- M. Martínez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6257-6921)
- P. Cristarella Orestano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3219-608X)
- Richard Anantua
- Niccolò Di Lalla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-1298)
- Paul Yamaguchi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6017-8199)
- Federica Bradascio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7750-5256)
- Ru-Sen Lu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7692-7967)
- S. Funk
- F. Leone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7626-3788)
- J. Sitarek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1659-5374)
- Alexander W. Raymond (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5779-4767)
- L. Fortson
- M. Krämer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7615-7499)
- Doosoo Yoon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8694-8166)
- R. Shang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9856-989X)
- Teresa Toscano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3658-7862)
- E. de Oña Wilhelmi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5401-0744)
- J. E. Carlstrom (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2044-7665)
- Greg Lindahl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6100-4772)
- Michael Backes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9326-6400)
- George N. Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6952-2147)
- D. Sobczyńska (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-7903)
- Lia Medeiros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2342-6728)
- Gopal Narayanan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4723-6569)
- Charles F. Gammie (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7451-8935)
- K. Schmidt (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9883-4454)
- Yuzhu Cui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6311-4345)
- Natalia Żywucka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2644-6441)
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- M. Nievas Rosillo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8321-9168)
- Diego F. Torres (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1522-9065)
- M. Sánchez‐Portal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0981-9664)
- Tomoya Hirota (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1659-095X)
- T. P. Krichbaum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4892-9586)
- Wei Ning (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6121-3443)
- Ziri Younsi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9283-1191)
- Huib Jan van Langevelde (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0230-5946)
- C. Sgrò (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5676-6214)
- V. Neustroev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4772-595X)
- I. Sadeh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1387-8915)
- N. Marchili (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5523-7588)
- Ichiro Mizuno
- Kotaro Moriyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1364-3761)
- Hui Sun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9615-1481)
- H. Falcke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2526-6724)
- N. Godinović (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4674-9450)
- F. Gargano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5055-6395)
- M. Kramer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4175-2271)
- C. Nanci
- Jasmin E. Washington (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-0470)
- Tadayuki Takahashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6305-3909)
- C. Arcaro
- V. A. Acciari
- Bidhan C. Bandyopadhyay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2364-8945)
- U. Bach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7722-8412)
- C. L. Mooney (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5937-446X)
- Shan-Shan Zhao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9774-3606)
- Dhanya G. Nair (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5357-7805)
- Sascha Trippe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0465-1559)
- Huang Chang-chun
- Arash Roshanineshat (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8280-9238)
- Helge Rottmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1799-8228)
- G. Desvignes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3922-4055)
- C. F. Vigorito
- D. Kieda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4785-0101)
- Sofia Suutarinen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0460-7826)
- M. Lindqvist (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3669-0715)
- M. Gaug
- Michael F. Wondrak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6894-1072)
- Miguel Molero Gonzalez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-715X)
- P. Kaaret
- G. B. Crew
- L. Fariña (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-6157)
- Luis C. Ho (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6947-5846)
- Bo Xia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1368-7521)
- D. Ribeiro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7523-7366)
- Sang-Sung Lee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6269-594X)
- Jason Dexter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3903-0373)
- Minfeng Gu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4455-6946)
- M. Errando
- Maciek Wielgus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-4242)
- G. Bonnoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-9077)
- Jessica Dempsey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-9667)
- L. Foffano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0709-9707)
- Anna Luashvili (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4384-1638)
- M. Vecchi
- J. Quinn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4855-2694)
- R. A. Cameron (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0942-2747)
- A. Stamerra (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9430-5264)
- Pablo Torné (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8700-6058)
- Takaaki Tanaka (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-0368)
- H. A. Mondal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7217-0234)
- Cheng‐Yu Kuo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6211-5581)
- Stefano Ciprini
- A. Santangelo
- K. Terauchi
- Fumie Tazaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0236-0600)
- J. Niemiec (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6036-8569)
- C. C. Cheung (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4377-0174)
- A. Furniss (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1614-1273)
- Freek Roelofs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5461-3687)
- Indu K. Dihingia (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4064-0446)
- Alexandra J. Tetarenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3906-4354)
- C. M. Fromm
- A. Franckowiak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-2219)
- D. Dominis Prester (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9880-5039)
- Joseph Farah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4914-5625)
- J. Bolmont
- Rebecca Azulay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2200-5393)
- Miguel J. A. Láinez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3848-922X)
- P. Bangale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3886-3739)
- M. Will
- C. Burger-Scheidlin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7239-2248)
- D. B.
- C. Krämer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-4925)
- C. M. Violette Impellizzeri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-2472)
- S. Lombardi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6336-865X)
- Katherine L. Bouman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0077-4367)
- Halim Ashkar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2153-1818)
- Raniere de Menezes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5489-4925)
- E. J. Siskind
- Raquel Fraga-Encinas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5222-1361)
- S. Spencer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-1205)
- R. Moderski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-3882)
- R. Imazawa
- J. T. Bartkoske (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9675-7328)
- L. Mohrmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9667-8654)
- Gibwa Musoke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1984-189X)
- Nimesh Patel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6021-9421)
- Gabriella Silvestri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1950-1468)
- J. Cortina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4576-0452)
- J. Jormanainen
- Antonios Nathanail (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1655-9912)
- T. Hassan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4758-9196)
- R. Carosi
- Jowita Borowska
- D.J James
- Han Ro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7170-0571)
- B. Berenji (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4551-772X)
- S. Covino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9078-5507)
- Arturo I. Gómez-Ruiz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9395-1670)
- Thomas Bronzwaer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1151-3971)
- N. Sakai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2101-6293)
- G. Cotter
- Arnau Aguasca-Cabot (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8816-4920)
- I. Mereu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0219-4534)
- P. Moriarty (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1499-2667)
- Boyko B. Georgiev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4736-4998)
- Soumya Chatterjee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7889-8389)
- Tomoaki Oyama (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4046-2923)
- C. Ruszczyk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7278-9707)
- Venkatessh Ramakrishnan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-086X)
- C. E. Hinrichs (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6951-2299)
- Katsuaki Asano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9064-160X)
- Q. Feng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6674-4238)
- Michela Negro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-5622)
- Alejandra Jiménez-Rosales (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2662-3754)
- T. B. Humensky (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1432-7771)
- Whee Yeon Cheong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1871-5824)
- Georgios Filippos Paraschos (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6757-3098)
- Mahito Sasada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5946-9960)
- J. M. Moran (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-4414)
- Gert Werner Kluge (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0384-0084)
- O. Chibueze
- D. Elsäesser (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6796-3205)
- S. Loporchio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4457-5431)
- James O. Chibueze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9875-7436)
- I. Martí‐Vidal
- P. Temnikov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-3384)
- Ralph P. Eatough (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6196-4135)
- David Sánchez-Argüelles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-9920)
- M. Doro
- J. N. S. Shapopi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7130-9270)
- M. De Laurentis
- B. Rudak (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-3805)
- J. S. Schafer
- P. Gliwny
- Mikhail Lisakov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6088-3819)
- André Young (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0000-2682)
- S. Kumar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5167-1221)
- D. Malyshev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9102-4854)
- Harriet Parsons (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6327-3423)
- M. Manganaro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1530-3031)
- D. Glawion (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4865-7696)
- Sara Issaoun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-921X)
- Pierre Christian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6820-9941)
- A. G. A. Brown (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7419-9679)
- G. Maier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-4700)
- S. O’Brien (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9296-2981)
- N. Omodei
- E. Ros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9503-4892)
- S. Le Stum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2501-5589)
- J. G. Giesbrecht Paiva (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5817-2062)
- P. T. Reynolds
- William T. Freeman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2231-7995)
- Nicholas R. MacDonald (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6684-8691)
- Feryal Özel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4413-1523)
- M. Tsirou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-1425)
- Davide Cerasole (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2033-756X)
- A. Sciaccaluga (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6181-839X)
- J. Holder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-0474)
- A. Cifuentes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1033-5296)
- J. Celic
- L. Heckmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-6603)
- J.-P. Lenain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7284-9220)
- Daryl Haggard (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6803-2138)
- Jan Wagner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1105-6109)
- K. Ragan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5351-3323)
- T. Aniello (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9368-0515)
- Mark G. Rawlings (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6529-202X)
- T. Bulik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2045-4803)
- Jaeheon Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9825-7864)
- Kiyoaki Wajima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3823-7954)
- Zekun Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2119-0651)
- S. Germani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2233-6811)
- P. Fusco
- Lei Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1923-227X)
- Irene Jiménez Martínez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2150-6919)
- Alessandro Levis
- R. Karuppusamy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5307-2919)
- B. Bruno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0792-6311)
- M. E. Monzani (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8254-5308)
- A. Berti
- J. M. Miranda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1472-9690)
- Alejandro Cruz-Osorio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3945-6342)
- A. P. Lobanov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1622-1484)
- Koushik Chatterjee (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2825-3590)
- Fabian Leuschner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9037-0272)
- Junghwan Oh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5837-0958)
- Dirk Heumann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7671-0047)
- M. Meyer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0738-7581)
- D. A. Williams (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2740-9714)
- Nicholas S. Conroy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2886-2377)
- O. Vince (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5761-3701)
- R. G. Lang
- Masanori Nakamura (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-2420)
- Keiichi Asada (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6988-8763)
- A. A. Zdziarski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0333-2452)
- M. Strzys
- Rohan Dahale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-9034)
- J. Schubert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5782-8816)
- I. Jung-Richardt
- M. N. Johnson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2688-0815)
- M. Takahashi
- Mislav Baloković (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0476-6647)
- P. A. Caraveo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2478-8018)
- Chiara Righi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1218-9555)
- J. Besenrieder
- L. Saha (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-5039)
- Daniel R. van Rossum (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7772-6131)
- Lukas Nickel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7110-0533)
- Satoko Sawada‐Satoh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7719-274X)
- Robert Wharton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7416-5209)
- A. Okumura
- J. Kushida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8002-8585)
- Stefano Menchiari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6386-3702)
- M. Pihet
- Elisabetta Liuzzo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0995-5201)
- R. Bonino
- Oliver Porth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4584-2557)
- Lindy Blackburn (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9030-642X)
- I. A. Grenier (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-674X)
- K. Kosack (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8424-3621)
- M. Peresano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-7334)
- Stefano Ansoldi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5613-7693)
- Tyler Trent (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8116-3123)
- A. Quirrenbach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3302-1962)
- Y. Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8014-8192)
- Е. В. Кравченко (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4540-4095)
- Yosuke Mizuno (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8131-6730)
- L. A. Antonelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5037-9034)
- V. Sahakian (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1198-0043)
- Kotaro Niinuma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8169-3579)
- T. Wach (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4658-7405)
- Nu. Komin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3280-0582)
- Aristomenis Yfantis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3244-7072)
- N. Mirabal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7021-5838)
- Sebastian Panny (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5770-3805)
- Daniel C. M. Palumbo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7179-3816)
- A. Duerr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1716-4119)
- J. Baxter (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0724-9353)
- G. Martí-Devesa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0766-6473)
- K. Nilsson
- F. D'Ammando
- Karim Sabri
- J. Bernete (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8108-7552)
- U. Pensec
- E. Bronzini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8378-4303)
- A. Campoy-Ordaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9352-8936)
- T. Gradetzke (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0646-2495)
- Joshua S. Stanway (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7659-4642)
- Xinhua Ma (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-0292)
- Jae-Young Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8229-7183)
- Guanghui Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-8346)
- Dong-Jin Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7038-2118)
- Xiang Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9815-2579)
- Hua Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9518-740X)
- Zhong Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-1414)
- Shuo Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2967-790X)
- Jongho Park (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6558-9053)
- O. Reimer (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6953-1385)
- A. Chen
- Y. Suda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2692-5891)
- Ni Chen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7993-8055)
- J. I. Djuvsland (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6488-8219)
- Wei Yu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5168-6052)
- Roberto Garcı́a (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1315-8574)
- Hendrik Müller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9250-0197)
- Yukiho Kobayashi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5551-2845)
- Ruiyang Zhao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4048-6227)
- Marcos López (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8791-7908)
- W. Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1089-1754)
- J. E. Conway (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2719-5779)
- S. L. Wong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2730-2733)
- Z. Liu
- S. Gasparyan
- S. Nozaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6246-2767)
- Juan Escudero (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4131-655X)
- J. L. Christiansen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5811-9678)
- A. Zech (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4388-5625)
- Satoshi Fukami
- M. Pohl (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7861-1707)
- Hiroyuki Suzuki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2383-5038)
- Alessandro De Angelis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5452-7452)
- A.J. Castro-Tirado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0841-0026)
- H. Alyson Ford (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9797-0972)
- N. Giglietto
- S. J. Wagner (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7474-6062)
- C. Steppa
- F. Aharonian
- S. Mangano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5872-1191)
- R. López-Coto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-9477)
- M. Lemoine-Goumard
- R. J. Garcı́a López (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8204-6832)
- B. Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8747-8356)
- P. G. Prada Moroni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9712-9916)
- A. Abhishek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5239-7905)
- H. Tajima
- A. Donini
- A. Morselli
- G. Pirola
- A. Lorini
- D. Horan
- F. Jankowsky
- H. Salzmann
- A. Reimer
- R. Di Tria (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1088-5307)
- P. Bruel
- D. Berge
- T. Miener
- D. Paneque
- J. Herrera Llorente
- T. Schweizer
- M. Holler
- P. M. Saz Parkinson (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6566-1246)
- P. Spinelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6688-8864)
- Ł. Stawarz
- E. Moulin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4007-0145)
- F. Dazzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5409-6544)
- P. Da Vela (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0604-4517)
- M. Bremer
- Zhiqiu Huang
- A. Hahn
- M. Garczarczyk
- A. E. Lowitz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4747-4276)
- J. Devin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1018-7246)
- J.-P. Ernenwein
- W. Bednarek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0605-108X)
- T. Yamamoto
- F. Ait Benkhali
- G. H. Sembroski
- C. van Eldik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-645X)
- T. Chand
- T. Nakamori
- E. Orlando
- W. Zhong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4566-5490)
- M. Vazquez Acosta
- Karl Mannheim
- Stefano Truzzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3998-9373)
- K. M. Menten
- J. F. Glicenstein
- Anthony C. Jones
- Qingwen Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4773-4987)
- J. Rico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4137-1134)
- J. L. Gómez
- P. F. Michelson
- E. Roache
- G. Pühlhofer
- P. O'Brien
- R. D. Blandford
- F. Krennrich
- F. Yuan
- D. Hrupec
- M. Teshima
- A. Moralejo
- D. H. Hughes
- S. Ohm
- A. Dmytriiev
- S. Maldera
- S. Larsson
- F. Di Pierro
- O. Hervet
- B. De Lotto
- T. Saito
- A. Carosi
- F. Peter Schloerb
- A. P. Marscher
- C. Müller
- H. Olivares
- J. A. Zensus
- G. Ceribella
- A. Lemière
- J. Becerra González
- Lynn D. Matthews
- G. Principe
- A. Lamastra
- C Nigro
- A. Spolon
- D. Strom
- L. Haerer
- W. Alef
- F. Schmuckermaier
- I. Agudo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3777-6182)
- L. Di Venere
- S. Abe
- Y. Chai
- Yutaro Kofuji
- A. Arbet Engels
- A. Roy (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7673-2835)
- S. Ubach
- P. Majumdar
- Junhan Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-9373)
- F. Longo
- M. Sasaki (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5302-1866)
- H. Sol
- W. Rhode (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2636-5000)
- A. Babić
- Dan Bintley
- K. Nishijima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6219-200X)
- Aleksandar PopStefanija
- I. Viale
- G. Busetto
- K. Noda
- R. Cecil
- G. Zaharijas
- F. Giordano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8219-2581)
- M. Zacharias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5801-3945)
- Rocco Lico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7361-2460)
- M. Kertzman
- K. Ishio
- M. N. Mazziotta
- R. Paoletti
- O. Blanch
- B. Machado de Oliveira Fraga
- M. Sánchez-Conde
- A. Biland
- A. V. Joshi
- S. Gabici
- M. Ostrowski
- Z. Shen
- M. Makariev
- M. Ruth Lavergne
- M. Bouyahiaoui
- M. O. Moghadam
- V. V. Vassiliev
- T. Kawashima
- V. Piétu
- S. Pita
- D. J. Suson
- L. Rezzolla
- Nitika Yadlapalli
- K. Streil
- A. Dinesh
- M. Martínez-Chicharro
- D. Dorner
- M. D. Johnson
- M. Böttcher
- A. M. Taylor
- Marcos Santander
- S. G. Jorstad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-5453)
- D. Kerszberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5289-1509)
- K. Katarzyński (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8806-4863)
- L. Nikolić (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8365-6701)
- J. Mao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0593-4543)
- Jianping Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7127-869X)
- Craig Sheridan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4581-4339)
- Jun Yi Koay (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7029-6658)
- Abhishek V. Joshi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2514-5965)
- Xiaopeng Cheng (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-6770)
Institutions
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Siena (IT)
- Linköping University (SE)
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CA)
- Boston University (US)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Kogakuin University (JP)
- Purdue University Northwest (US)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- DePauw University (US)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- Fairfield University (US)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- California State University System (US)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- University of Niigata Prefecture (JP)
- United States Naval Research Laboratory (US)
- University of Udine (IT)
- Marshall Space Flight Center (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Tokai University (JP)
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory (AM)
- Institute of Space Sciences (ES)
- University of Hawaii System (US)
- National Taiwan Normal University (TW)
- Nanjing Tech University (CN)
- University of Indianapolis (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Padua (IT)
- École Polytechnique (FR)
- The King's College (US)
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- University of Rijeka (HR)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KR)
- Osaka Prefecture University (JP)
- Universidad de La Laguna (ES)
- Chiba University (JP)
- Konan University (JP)
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (JP)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Hachinohe Institute of Technology (JP)
- University of Concepción (CL)
- University of Alabama (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- Yamaguchi University (JP)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- Amherst College (US)
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Hiroshima University of Economics (JP)
- Urbana University (US)
- Perimeter Institute (CA)
- California State University, East Bay (US)
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- University of Lancashire (GB)
- Institute for High Energy Physics (ES)
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- Lodz University of Technology (PL)
- Universität Innsbruck (AT)
- Cal Poly Humboldt (US)
- University of Nova Gorica (SI)
- University of the Witwatersrand (ZA)
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Aichi Konan College (JP)
- Yerevan State University (AM)
- TU Dortmund University (DE)
- Princeton University (US)
- Rhodes University (ZA)
- Trinity College (CA)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- Academy of Athens (GR)
- University of Namibia (NA)
- Purdue University West Lafayette (US)
- Subaru (Japan) (JP)
- Cracow University of Technology (PL)
- Fudan University (CN)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory (US)
- University of Perugia (IT)
- University College Cork (IE)
- North-West University (ZA)
- Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (DE)
- University of Minnesota System (US)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT)
- University of Applied Sciences Potsdam (DE)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- Dutch Research Council (NL)
- Yunnan Observatories (CN)
- Malayan Colleges Laguna (PH)
- University of Illinois System (US)
- Observer Research Foundation (IN)
- University of Colorado System (US)
- Regional Municipality of Waterloo (CA)
- Northrop Grumman (United States) (US)
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (US)
- Nicolaus Copernicus University (PL)
- Tomsk Polytechnic University (RU)
- Department of Space (IN)
- University of Malaya (MY)
- University of Łódź (PL)
- ETH Zurich (CH)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- University for Foreigners of Siena (IT)
- Hefei University (CN)
- National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics (MX)
- Institute for Advanced Study (US)
- Universitas Malahayati (ID)
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (DE)
- Niigata University of Rehabilitation (JP)
- International School of Trieste (IT)
- Laboratoire Univers et Théories (FR)
- Technology Research Institute of Osaka Prefecture (JP)
- Centre de physique des particules de Marseille (FR)
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (US)
- Fujitsu (United States) (US)
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier (FR)
- Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases (KR)
- Electronics for Imaging (United States) (US)
- Menlo School (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Northwestern University (PH)
- Gemini North Observatory (US)
- Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Corporation (US)
- Gradient (United States) (US)
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (ES)
- Institut Català de Ciències del Clima (ES)
- Stanford Health Care (US)
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (FR)
- Unge aksjonærer (NO)
- Mylan (South Africa) (ZA)
- Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics (CA)
- Centre for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics (UZ)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- Astrobiology Center (JP)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- Unidades Centrales Científico-Técnicas (ES)
- East Asian Observatory (US)
- Laboratoire d’études spatiales et d’instrumentation en astrophysique (FR)
- Medical University of Lodz (PL)
- International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics (IT)
- Ruđer Bošković Institute (HR)
- Copernicus Therapeutics (United States) (US)
- Sofie Biosciences (United States) (US)
- Zhong Ke San Huan (China) (CN)
- School Centre Nova Gorica (SI)
- National Centre for Earth Observation (GB)
- Agence Parisienne du Climat (FR)
- Naples Anesthesia & Physician Associates (US)
- General Hospital of Rhodes (GR)
- University Hospital Frankfurt (DE)
- The Institute of Statistical Mathematics (JP)
- German Institute for Adult Education – Leibniz Centre for Lifelong Learning (DE)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute (JP)
- Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center (PL)
- Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (FR)
- Kappa Omicron Nu Honor Society (US)
- Astronomy and Space (AU)
- International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics Network (AM)
- Port d'Informació Científica (ES)
- Instituto de Radioastronomía Milimétrica (ES)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT)
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (FR)
- Flatiron Health (United States) (US)
- CTA Observatory (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics (DE)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Swiss Institute of Comparative Law (CH)
- Ausonius Institut de Recherche sur l'Antiquité et le Moyen age (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
- Abiola Ajimobi Technical University Ibadan (NG)
- Secretaría de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnología e Innovación (MX)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia (IT)
- National Astronomical Observatories (CN)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR)
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES)
- Yamagata University Hospital (JP)
- Dartmouth Hospital (GB)
- Flatiron Institute (US)
- University of Bergen (NO)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
- University of Warsaw (PL)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Turin (IT)
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Ibaraki University (JP)
- Oulu University of Applied Sciences (FI)
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES)
- Chalmers University of Technology (SE)
- University of West Alabama (US)
- Brandeis University (US)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Niigata University (JP)
- Columbia University (US)
- Villanova University (US)
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County (US)
- Clemson University (US)
- State University of New York at Potsdam (US)
- Academia Sinica (TW)
- Heidelberg University (US)
- University of Delaware (US)
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology (SE)
- Michigan State University (US)
- National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
- Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KR)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (NL)
- University of Split (HR)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Oulu (FI)
- Barnard College (US)
- Aalto University (FI)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2024-09-19
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450497
- Citations
- 24
- Primary Topic
- Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 15.83
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Smithsonian Institution
- U.S. Department of Energy
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- John Templeton Foundation
- Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
- Harvard University
- National Center for Theoretical Sciences
- Space Telescope Science Institute
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory
- Associated Universities
- National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center
- International Max Planck Research School for Environmental, Cellular and Molecular Microbiology
- Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science
- Flatiron Health
- Government of Canada
- Leverhulme Trust
- European Commission
- National Research Foundation
- University of Pretoria
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Canada Research Chairs
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Academia Sinica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Generalitat Valenciana
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Ministry of Education, India
- China Scholarship Council
- European Southern Observatory
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- Junta de Andalucía
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea
- Fundación Bancaria Caixa d'Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía
- Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo
- National Science and Technology Council
- Institut Périmètre de physique théorique
- East Asian Core Observatories Association
- Toray Science Foundation
- Office of Science
- National Nuclear Security Administration
- Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Science and Technology Facilities Council
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- National Key Research and Development Program of China
- National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars
- Office of International Science and Engineering
- High Energy Physics
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Los Alamos National Laboratory