Underexplored Key Population: The Impact of Substance Abuse on the Health and Well-Being of Male Sex Workers—A Systematic Review

Research has primarily focused on female sex workers, leaving a large gap in our understanding of the factors affecting the welfare of male sex workers (MSWs). The purpose of this study was to review the body of research on how substance addiction affects MSWs’ health and welfare. Using Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Medline, and CINAHL, a systematic search was carried out. Included was all the research on the effects of drug misuse on the health and happiness of sex workers. The methodology for conducting systematic reviews developed by the Joanna Briggs Institute was applied in this review. The research encompassed English-language papers authored between 2000 and 2024 to guarantee a thorough analysis of current patterns and breakthroughs in the domain, mirroring the current obstacles and progressions in tackling substance addiction among male sex workers. Exclusion criteria were developed to guarantee the relevance and rigor of the included research, whereas inclusion criteria were set based on demographics, exposure, and results. Nineteen studies that met the inclusion criteria were found during the review. This study revealed three main themes: factors contributing to substance abuse among male sex workers; the correlation between substance abuse and mental health among sex workers; and the correlation between substance abuse and the incidence of STIs, including HIV. This study highlights the urgent need for comprehensive, inclusive approaches to address the specific needs of MSWs, ultimately aiming to improve their quality of life and reduce health disparities.