Identification and Characterization of Novel Serpentoviruses in Viperid and Elapid Snakes

Viruses in the subfamily <i>Serpentovirinae</i> (order <i>Nidovirales</i>, family <i>Tobaniviridae</i>) can cause significant morbidity and mortality in captive snakes, but documented infections have been limited to snakes of the <i>Boidae</i>, <i>Colubridae</i>, <i>Homalopsidae</i>, and <i>Pythonidae</i> families. Infections can either be subclinical or associated with oral and/or respiratory disease. Beginning in June 2019, a population of over 150 confiscated snakes was screened for serpentovirus as part of a quarantine disease investigation. Antemortem oropharyngeal swabs or lung tissue collected postmortem were screened for serpentovirus by PCR, and 92/165 (56.0%) of snakes tested were positive for serpentovirus. Serpentoviruses were detected in fourteen species of <i>Viperidae</i> native to Asia, Africa, and South America and a single species of <i>Elapidae</i> native to Australia. When present, clinical signs included thin body condition, abnormal behavior or breathing, stomatitis, and/or mortality. Postmortem findings included variably severe inflammation, necrosis, and/or epithelial proliferation throughout the respiratory and upper gastrointestinal tracts. Genetic characterization of the detected serpentoviruses identified four unique viral clades phylogenetically distinct from recognized serpentovirus genera. Pairwise uncorrected distance analysis supported the phylogenetic analysis and indicated that the viper serpentoviruses likely represent the first members of a novel genus in the subfamily <i>Serpentovirinae</i>. The reported findings represent the first documentation of serpentoviruses in venomous snakes (<i>Viperidae</i> and <i>Elapidae</i>), greatly expanding the susceptible host range for these viruses and highlighting the importance of serpentovirus screening in all captive snake populations.