Ultrasonic imaging of concrete-embedded corroded steel liners using linear and nonlinear evaluation

This study explores the efficacy of horizontally polarised shear (SH) waves in ultrasonic inspection of concrete-embedded steel liner plates, focusing on corrosion detection. SH-waves are found to significantly improve the localisation and potential dimensional assessment of embedded plate-like structures compared to com- pressional (P) waves, as evidenced by SH C-scans. Anomalies corre- sponding to severe corrosion are discernible in SH C-scans, whereas they are minimally visible in P-wave scans. Nonlinear evaluation explores harmonic-based imaging, including second harmonic gen- eration (SHG) and third harmonic generation. Nonlinear SH-wave evaluation accurately locates the most severely corroded embedded plate, whereas comparative P-wave evaluations fail. However, potential FFT sidelobe contamination in the results war- rants consideration. These results suggest a promising use for non- linear waveform distortion in SH-wave-based corrosion detection though conclusive evidence of the source of SHG is uncertain. Experiments utilised an automatic scanner system for consistent control. The concrete specimen investigated herein contained pre- corroded plates which hint at heightened nonlinear effects when corrosion occurs post-embedment due to corrosion-induced crack- ing. These findings encourage further investigation into SH-waves for nonlinear ultrasonic detection of concrete-embedded steel liner plates and the development of instrumentation tailored to such methods.