Impacts on Atlantic Killifish from Neurotoxicants: Genes, Behavior, and Population-Relevant Outcomes

Molecular, cellular, and organismal alterations are important descriptors of toxic effects, but our ability to extrapolate and predict ecological risks is limited by the availability of studies that link measurable end points to adverse population relevant outcomes such as cohort survival and growth. In this study, we used laboratory gene expression and behavior data from two populations of Atlantic killifish <i>Fundulus heteroclitus</i> [one reference site (SCOKF) and one PCB-contaminated site (NBHKF)] to inform individual-based models simulating cohort growth and survival from embryonic exposures to environmentally relevant concentrations of neurotoxicants. Methylmercury exposed SCOKF exhibited brain gene expression changes in the si:ch211-186j3.6, si:dkey-21c1.4, scamp1, and klhl6 genes, which coincided with changes in feeding and swimming behaviors, but our models simulated no growth or survival effects of exposures. PCB126-exposed SCOKF had lower physical activity levels coinciding with a general upregulation in nucleic and cellular brain gene sets (BGS) and downregulation in signaling, nucleic, and cellular BGS. The NBHKF, known to be tolerant to PCBs, had altered swimming behaviors that coincided with 98% fewer altered BGS. Our models simulated PCB126 decreased growth in SCOKF and survival in SCOKF and NBHKF. Overall, our study provides a unique demonstration linking molecular and behavioral data to develop quantitative, testable predictions of ecological risk.