High-resolution kinetics and cellular determinants of SARS-CoV-2 antibody response over two years after COVID-19 vaccination
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) studies usually rely on cross-sectional data of large cohorts but limited repeated samples, overlooking significant inter-individual antibody kinetic differences. By combining Luminex, activation-induced marker (AIM) and IFN-γ/IL-2 Fluorospot assays, we characterized the IgM, IgA, and IgG antibody kinetics using 610 samples from 31 healthy adults over two years after COVID-19 vaccination, and the T-cell responses six months post-booster. Antibody trajectories varied among isotypes: IgG decayed slowly, IgA exhibited an initial sharp decline, which gradually slowed down and stabilized above the seropositivity threshold. Contrarily, IgM rapidly dropped to undetectable levels after primary vaccination. Importantly, three vaccine doses induced higher and more durable anti-spike IgG and IgA levels compared to two doses, whereas infection led to the highest antibody peak and slowest antibody decay rate compared to vaccination. Comparing with ancestral virus, antibody levels recognizing Omicron subvariants had a faster antibody decay. Finally, polyfunctional T cells were positively associated with subsequent IgA responses. These results revealed distinctive antibody patterns by isotype and highlight the benefits of booster doses in enhancing and sustaining antibody responses.
Authors
- Marta Vidal (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6891-7032)
- Pere Santamaría (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-1586)
- Cyril Planchais (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5142-7253)
- Alfons Jiménez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0301-3344)
- Gemma Moncunill (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5105-9836)
- Luís Izquierdo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3704-9874)
- Dídac Macià (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3315-7293)
- Ruth Aguilar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3277-3107)
- Natalia Díaz‐Garrido (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1220-015X)
- Diana Barrios (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9929-5707)
- Carlo Carolis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4240-1139)
- Luis M. Molinos‐Albert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5447-6803)
- Rocío Rubio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0448-3404)
- Carlota Dobaño (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6751-4060)
- Maria Lara-Escandell
- Mar Canyelles (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3043-7612)
Institutions
- Institut Pasteur (FR)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Departament de Salut (ES)
- Agència de Salut Pública de Catalunya (ES)
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (ES)
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ES)
- Consorci Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi I Sunyer (ES)
- Agencia de Salud Pública de Barcelona (ES)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Microbes and Infection
- Published
- 2024-09-17
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105423
- Citations
- 14
- Primary Topic
- SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 5.45
Funders
- European Commission
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Fundació Privada Daniel Bravo Andreu
- Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya