Re-examining virtual water transfer in the Yellow River Basin, China

The Yellow River Basin (a water-deficient region) in China. The redistribution of virtual water through trade holds potential to enhance water security in the Yellow River Basin. We explored a virtual water tri-circulation model at the city level to mitigate water stress in the Yellow River Basin. The tri-circulation model includes internal, external and international virtual water flows. This research investigated the heterogeneity of virtual water trade between upstream and downstream regions, identified key regions and sectors to facilitate physical water redistribution and enhance regional cooperation. This study revealed that the Yellow River Basin received virtual water amounting to 8.40 % of its total virtual water consumption, with external circulation being the key circulation. Upstream regions primarily exported water resources to downstream regions and developed regions outside through agricultural trade, while downstream regions received water from upstream regions and underdeveloped regions outside through trade in agri-food products and other service industries. International circulation exported virtual water through water-intensive agricultural products, contributing to increased local environmental burden. Increased attention should be paid to virtual water transfers of the external circulation, implementing compensation strategies, and fostering technical interaction between upstream and downstream regions, and safeguarding upstream agricultural and ecological water to promote the sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin. • Virtual water tri-circulation model was constructed for the YRB. • Key circulation and key sectors were identified. • Virtual water trade heterogeneity of upstream and downstream regions was investigated. • Virtual water transfers need to be integrated into the YRB’s water allocation.