Novel rebreathing adaptation extends dive time in a semi-aquatic lizard

Bubble use evolved in many small invertebrates to enable underwater respiration, but, until recently, there has been no evidence that vertebrate animals use bubbles in a similar manner. Only one group of vertebrates, semi-aquatic <i>Anolis</i> lizards, may be an exception: these lizards dive underwater when threatened and, while underwater, rebreathe a bubble of air over their nostrils. Although it seems that rebreathing should be adaptive, possibly functioning to extend the time that lizards remain in underwater refugia, this has not been empirically tested. Here, I demonstrate that rebreathing serves to extend dive time in a semi-aquatic anole, <i>Anolis aquaticus</i>. I prevented the formation of normal rebreathing bubbles by applying a commercial emollient on the skin surface where bubbles form to assess the impact of bubbles on rebreathing cycles, gular pumps, and dive times. Lizards that were allowed to rebreathe normally remained underwater an average of 32% longer than those with impaired rebreathing, suggesting a functional role of rebreathing in underwater respiration. Unlike rebreathing, gular pumping was unaffected by treatment and may warrant further research regarding its role in supplementing underwater respiration. This study provides evidence that vertebrates can use bubbles to respire underwater and raises questions about adaptive mechanisms and potential bio-inspired applications.