Untangling the colonization history of the Australo-Pacific reed warblers, one of the world’s great island radiations

Island radiations, such as those of the Australo-Pacific, offer unique insight into diversification, extinction, and early speciation processes. Yet, their speciation and colonization histories are often obscured by conflicting genomic signals from incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) or hybridization. Here, we integrated mitogenomes and genome-wide SNPs to unravel the evolutionary history of one of the world's most geographically widespread island radiations. The Australo-Pacific reed warblers (Acrocephalus luscinius complex) are a speciose lineage including five species that have become extinct since the 19th century and ten additional species of conservation concern. The radiation spans over 10,000 km across Australo-Papua, Micronesia and Polynesia, including the Mariana, Hawaii and Pitcairn Island archipelagos. Earlier mtDNA studies suggested a stepping-stone colonization process, resulting in archipelago-level secondary sympatry of divergent mtDNA lineages in the Mariana Islands and Marquesas. These studies hypothesized that morphologically similar species on neighboring islands arose from ecological convergence. Using DNA from historical museum specimens and modern genetic samples, we show that ILS and/or gene flow have shaped the radiation of Australo-Pacific reed warblers rather than secondary sympatry. The nuclear genome reconstructs a simpler biogeographic history than mtDNA, showing close relationships between species in the Mariana Islands and Marquesas despite their paraphyletic mtDNA lineages. Gene flow likely involved early and late colonizing waves of the radiation before the loss of ancestral dispersive ability. Our results highlight how collection genomics can elucidate evolutionary history and inform conservation efforts for threatened species.