Machine Learning for Deconvolution and Segmentation of Hyperspectral Imaging Data from Biopharmaceutical Resins

Biopharmaceutical resins are pivotal inert matrices used across industry and academia, playing crucial roles in a myriad of applications. For biopharmaceutical process research and development applications, a deep understanding of the physical and chemical properties of the resin itself is frequently required, including for drug purification, drug delivery, and immobilized biocatalysis. Nevertheless, the prevailing methodologies currently employed for elucidating these important aspects of biopharmaceutical resins are often lacking, frequently require significant sample alteration, are destructive or ionizing in nature, and may not adequately provide representative information. In this work, we propose the use of unsupervised machine learning technologies, in the form of both non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and <i>k</i>-means segmentation, in conjugation with Raman hyperspectral imaging to rapidly elucidate the molecular and spatial properties of biopharmaceutical resins. Leveraging our proposed technology, we offer a new approach to comprehensively understanding important resin-based systems for application across biopharmaceuticals and beyond. Specifically, focusing herein on a representative resin widely utilized across the industry (i.e., Immobead 150P), our findings showcase the ability of our machine learning-based technology to molecularly identify and spatially resolve all chemical species present. Further, we offer a comprehensive evaluation of optimal excitation for hyperspectral imaging data collection, demonstrating results across 532, 638, and 785 nm excitation. In all cases, our proposed technology deconvoluted, both spatially and spectrally, resin and glass substrates via NMF. After NMF deconvolution, image segmentation was also successfully accomplished in all data sets via <i>k</i>-means clustering. To the best of our knowledge, this is the <i>first</i> report utilizing the combination of two unsupervised machine learning methodologies, combining NMF and <i>k</i>-means, for the rapid deconvolution and segmentation of biopharmaceutical resins. As such, we offer a powerful new data-rich experimentation tool for application across multidisciplinary fields for a deeper understanding of resins.