Early life food intake modulates effects of diet restriction on lifespan and fecundity in later life in a predatory mite (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

The nutritional status of an individual can significantly influence its life history traits, including development, growth, reproduction, and survival. In the predatory mite <i>Phytoseiulus persimilis</i> Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae), the plasticity of life history traits, such as developmental time and size at maturity, is influenced by the quality and quantity of food. This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary restriction at different life stages (i.e., juvenile, early adulthood, and later adulthood) on the lifespan and fecundity of <i>P. persimilis</i>. We found that reduced dietary intake during early adulthood resulted in a shorter lifespan for both male and female <i>P. persimilis</i>. Furthermore, this study demonstrated a sex-specific response to dietary restriction: it extended the lifespan of males but reduced that of females during later adulthood. Diet restriction during the postovipositional period of females showed the most variable life history trait response. Our results showed that the impact of diet restriction at different life stages can have combined influences on the postovipositional duration of <i>P. persimilis</i>, where the individuals receiving diet restriction during immature development and early adulthood had a greater reduction in ovipositional duration as those experiencing diet restriction during late adulthood. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between the lifespan and fecundity of females, with higher prey availability increasing both. The insights obtained from our research contribute to a better understanding of the aging process and dietary requirements of <i>P. persimilis</i>, which can facilitate the development of more effective biological control strategies using this predator for spider mites in agriculture.