Aligned fibrous scaffolds promote directional migration of breast cancer cells via caveolin-1/YAP-mediated mechanosensing

Tumorigenesis and metastasis are highly dependent on the interactions between the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment. In 3D matrix, the fibrous structure of the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes dynamic remodeling during tumor progression. In particular, during the late stage of tumor development, the fibers become more aggregated and oriented. However, it remains unclear how cancer cells respond to the organizational change of ECM fibers and exhibit distinct morphology and behavior. Here, we used electrospinning technology to fabricate biomimetic ECM with distinct fiber arrangements, which mimic the structural characteristics of normal or tumor tissues and found that aligned and oriented nanofibers induce cytoskeletal rearrangement to promote directed migration of cancer cells. Mechanistically, caveolin-1(Cav-1)-expressing cancer cells grown on aligned fibers exhibit increased integrin β1 internalization and actin polymerization, which promoted stress fiber formation, focal adhesion dynamics and YAP activity, thereby accelerating the directional cell migration. In general, the linear fibrous structure of the ECM provides convenient tracks on which tumor cells can invade and migrate. Moreover, histological data from both mice and patients with tumors indicates that tumor tissue exhibits a greater abundance of isotropic ECM fibers compared to normal tissue. And Cav-1 downregulation can suppress cancer cells muscle invasion through the inhibition of YAP-dependent mechanotransduction. Taken together, our findings revealed the Cav-1 is indispensable for the cellular response to topological change of ECM, and that the Cav-1/YAP axis is an attractive target for inhibiting cancer cell directional migration which induced by linearization of ECM fibers.