Review of the molten salt technology and assessment of its potential to achieve an energy efficient heat management in a decarbonized chemical industry

Decarbonizing energy intensive industrial processes is a crucial starting point for accelerating the progress toward the net-zero emissions scenario. This review aims to investigate the potential of molten salts in facilitating the creation of energy efficient heat management in the chemical industry, mainly focusing on the imperative transition toward a carbon neutral industrial sector. To achieve this objective, the paper analyzes four types of molten salts—nitrates, chlorides, fluorides, and carbonates—by examining their properties and applications relevant to the chemical industry. The review then explores how molten salts can promote the integration of energy systems such as solar, nuclear, and fuel cells into chemical processes, as well as reduce CO₂ emissions to create energy efficient hybrid industrial plants. This study also delves into processes such as steam cracking of hydrocarbons and steam methane reforming, highlighting the implications of electrifying conventional furnaces and the role of molten salts in heat recovery and reuse. Finally, the paper identifies opportunities to advance and expand the molten salt field, including the exploration of new salt compositions, nano-enhanced mixtures, and similar fluids like ionic liquids and liquid metals.