Meta-Review on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) in the Metaverse

This article presents a comprehensive meta-review of the intersection between Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technologies and the Metaverse, emphasizing the enhancement of immersive experiences through VR, AR, MR, XR, Digital Twin, and haptic interfaces. The study classifies BCI devices into wearable and non-wearable categories, with a focus on their applications in robotics. It explores BCI user feedback mechanisms and their impact on medical and non-medical settings, including personalized rehabilitation and immersive gaming. The review introduces two frameworks for leveraging the Metaverse to navigate multisensory integration between BCI and assistive devices. Applications such as VR therapies for stroke patients and neuro-responsive multiplayer gaming environments showcase the potential of BCIs to enhance Metaverse interactions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-review on the integration of BCI and the Metaverse, identifying key challenges and research gaps, and serves as a foundational reference for future research and development in this interdisciplinary field.