Clinical Outcomes of Intravitreal Brolucizumab Injection for Refractory Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration

Purpose: To investigate the clinical outcomes and intraocular inflammation (IOI) following intravitreal brolucizumab injection for the treatment of refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the medical records of nAMD patients who received intravitreal brolucizumab injection that was switched from other anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents due to limited responses. The changes in subretinal/intraretinal fluid (SRF/IRF) and development of IOI were evaluated using slit lamp examination, fundoscopy, and optical coherence tomography.Results: The study included 76 eyes of 75 patients (56 males, 19 females). SRF and IRF disappeared in 55.3% (42/76 eyes) after the first injection and in 52.3% (23/44 eyes) of the remaining eyes after the third injection. The mean treatment interval increased from 5.6 to 9.6 weeks (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Visual acuity did not change. Eleven eyes (14.5%) developed IOI: an anterior chamber reaction in two eyes, vitritis in nine eyes, retinal vasculitis in one eye, and no retinal vascular occlusion. All IOI was treated with steroid eye solution or oral medication and recovered within 3.8 weeks. Three eyes also underwent subtenon steroid injection. Early recovery from IOI was observed in the subtenon steroid injection group (1.67 ± 0.58 vs. 4.63 ± 2.97 weeks, <i>p</i> = 0.048). Visual acuity (logMAR) decreased from 0.51 to 0.67 when IOI developed (<i>p</i> = 0.018), but increased to 0.52 after recovery from IOI.Conclusions: Approximately half of the eyes with refractory nAMD showed complete resolution of SRF/IRF when receiving brolucizumab. IOI had a high incidence, but recovery was successful, with careful monitoring and intensive steroid treatment.