Online examinations, reliability and quality issues

As the online examinations issue opened the extremely relevant and urgent conversation of in what way ethics is cultivated by the higher education institutes as a fundamental value, the international literature confirms that educational institutions in many foreign countries present a significant plurality of online examination methods. This highlights the particular concern in the university community regarding the online way of examination related to ensuring their immutability and validity. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a critical description of the alternative remote examination methods adopted by institutions in the field of Humanities, based on articles in scientific journals, conferences and databases, as well as informative material from the websites of open universities. The challenge lies in finding a balance between invigilation technology, ensuring a positive student experience and a focus on the application, synthesis, critique or evaluation of information, with less emphasis on recollection. However, the extended use of applications that generate content, based on Artificial Intelligence, shift the focus from procedural matters towards more substantial reflections. These reflections lead to the conclusion that innovative practices of Open and Distance Learning systems can vision a valid assessment only by incorporating a considerable ethics framework.