Potentially toxic elements’ (PTEs) spatial distribution in agricultural soils and their impact on ecological and health risks

This study investigates the buildup of nine Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) in agricultural soils, sources of contamination, ecological risks index, and health risks. All samples from four subdistricts contained detectable levels of nine PTEs, with iron, copper, arsenic, cadmium, and lead concentrations surpassing permissible limits. Natural and anthropogenic activities are revealed as the sources of PTEs. The potential ecological risk index of PTEs is very high. The weekly intake of Pb, As, Ni, Mn, Cd, and Fe in children and adults surpassed the safe intake limits. The findings call for a comprehensive environmental protection plan to safeguard public health.