Evolutionary insights into Felidae iris color through ancestral state reconstruction

Few studies have explored eye (iris) color evolution beyond humans and domesticated animals. Felids exhibit significant eye color diversity, unlike their brown-eyed relatives, making them an ideal model to study the evolution of eye color in natural populations. Through machine learning analysis of public photographs, five felid eye colors were identified: brown, green, yellow, gray, and blue. The presence or absence of these colors was reconstructed on a phylogeny, as well as their specific quantitative shades. The ancestral felid population likely had brown-eyed and gray-eyed individuals, the latter color being pivotal for the diversification of eye color seen in modern felids. Additionally, yellow eyes are highly associated with and may be necessary for, the evolution of round pupils in felids. These findings enhance the understanding of eye color evolution, and the methods presented in this work are widely applicable and will facilitate future research into the phylogenetic reconstruction of color beyond irises.