Comprehensive Review of CKD-MBD: From Diagnosis to Therapeutic Interventions

Globally, one of the most common diseases is chronic kidney disease, which is complex and varied. One of the complications associated with the advancement of chronic kidney disease is mineral bone disorders, which include biochemical and hormonal dysregulation. A number of biomarkers, including Fibroblast Growth Factor-23, klotho, phosphate, calcium, vitamin D, and PTH, have abnormal serum level variations that are central to the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease-Mineral Bone Disorders. Biomarkers for essential elements and functionaries of chronic kidney disease-Mineral Bone Disorders include inorganic phosphate, fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, and calciprotein particles. A number of management strategies are used with patients with chronic kidney disease-Mineral Bone Disorders, including the use of calcimimetic agents, vitamin D and its analogues, bisphosphonates or denosumab, calcitriol, and specific treatments acting on chronic kidney disease to prevent and treat the complications associated with secondary hyperparathyroidism. This condition is highly prevalent among dialysis patients, and appropriate treatment is crucial to improving their outcomes. Keywords: chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorders, hemodialysis, phosphate, calcium, mortality, parathyroid hormone, vitamin D.