Unveiling the therapeutic potential of <i>Haloxylon articulatum</i> extract: a comprehensive study on its phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial activities

Haloxylon articulatum, commonly known as the salt tree have diverse medicinal benefits. The phytochemical content, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of the methanolic extract were assessed. The extract demonstrated a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolic components, with a Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) of 186 ± 3 µg QE/mg extract and a Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of 188.1 ± 0.4 µg GAE/mg extract. Bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities, such as quercetin, rutin, chrysin, and caffeic acid, were detected by LC-MS analysis. Through IC50 values of 28.88, 14.13, and 23.03 µg/mL for DPPH, β-carotene, and ABTS tests, respectively, the extract demonstrated considerable antioxidant activity. Antibacterial activity was reported against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with bactericidal effects indicated by MIC and MBC values. The extract also exhibited potent antifungal activity against Thielaviopsis paradoxa and Alternaria sp. These results suggest that H. articulatum extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents with potential therapeutic applications.