Negotiating the bicycle path: A study of moped user stereotypes and behaviours in the Netherlands

• The Netherlands has high levels of cycling and moped use with both modes using cycle paths. • Cyclists are seen as the ingroup and moped users as the outgroup. • E-moped owners are seen more positively than fuel-based and rental e-moped users. • Insights contribute to transport behaviour research on identities and mobility transitions. • Moped vs. bicycle conflicts overshadow the spatial dominance of automobility. Scholars and policymakers increasingly are presenting the moped as part of a transition to more sustainable modes. However, the question remains as to where moped users should ride–as they often compete for space with other sustainable modes such as cycling or walking. This study focuses on the Netherlands, known as a cycling paradise, where mopeds share the cycling infrastructure. This has sparked controversies about spatial conflicts between moped users and cyclists, especially since the emergence of e-moped rental systems in 2017. Drawing on mobility studies and social identity theory, this paper explores the stereotypes of moped users and their behaviours to understand the spatial complexities of a shift towards more micromobility in the Netherlands. By analysing interviews with moped users and how users are discussed in the press, the paper empirically maps stereotypes of the users of different mopeds i.e. (1) fuel-based and privately owned, (2) electric and privately owned, and (3) electric and rental, and their behaviour on the bicycle path. Our study shows how debates tend to focus on the behaviours of moped users and their interactions with cyclists on shared bicycle paths while the spatial domination of automobility remains unchallenged. This paper contributes to transport behaviour research on spatial conflicts and identities in the context of the rise of micromobility − a key pillar of transitions to more sustainable mobility, alongside other changes such as fleet electrification, reduction of car use, and increased public transport uptake. Micromobilities entail what was traditionally understood as active mobility or non-motorised transport, such as cycling, but also what is now often discussed under the umbrella of MaaS or (light) electric vehicles, such as motorised two-wheelers, and also 'hybrids' such as e-bikes, fatbikes or cargo bikes. This paper exemplifies how identities, stereotypes and behaviours are relevant for understanding interactions around these modes and debates, in the quest towards low-car urban transitions.