Pine Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) Envenomations and Global Climate Change: A Retrospective Analysis

Aim: Pine Processionary Caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) envenomations have become increasingly relevant due to the species' expanding habitat, influenced by global climate change. These envenomations present unique challenges, particularly in regions previously unexposed to this species. This study aims to retrospectively analyze envenomations caused by the Pine Processionary Caterpillar over a ten-year period, evaluating the frequency, clinical manifestations, and the impact of climate change on these cases. Material and Methods: We reviewed patient records from four different hospitals between January 2014 and May 2024, focusing on cases with confirmed contact or exposure to the caterpillar. Data on demographics, clinical findings, treatment approaches, and seasonal trends were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 53 patients were included, with a nearly equal distribution between male and female patients. The most affected areas were the neck and face, primarily due to outdoor activities in pine forests. The peak incidence of envenomations was observed in May and June. Antihistamines, particularly intramuscular administration, were the most common treatment, with racemic epinephrine used in cases of severe reactions. Notably, the northward expansion of the caterpillar's habitat has been linked to increasing cases of envenomation. Conclusion: The findings highlight the need for heightened awareness and preventive measures, especially during the caterpillar's peak activity season. As climate change continues to alter the distribution of Thaumetopoea pityocampa, regions unaccustomed to such exposures must prepare for the associated health risks.