Coupled volume of fluid and phase field method for direct numerical simulation of insoluble surfactant-laden interfacial flows and application to rising bubbles

We present an open-source Direct Numerical Simulation framework to analyze surfactant-laden flows. With adaptive mesh refinement and parallelization, this tool enables researchers to explore the effects of surfactants on interfacial flows, particularly their impact on rising bubbles. The simulations show that surfactants slow down bubbles and alter their trajectory. Such numerical frameworks on the solutal Marangoni effect are crucial for understanding and predicting the behavior of multiphase flows in natural and industrial processes.