Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: An Ecotoxicological Perspective

Various nanoparticles (NPs) from the food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and drugs significantly impact our daily lives. The association of these nanoparticles with the cellular environment adversely affects the normal functioning of cells and their components. For this review approximately 150 research papers were extensively reviewed, and information gathered from 100 articles were included. This review examines the nanotoxicology of metal oxides and their effects at both in vivo and in vitro levels. It addresses factors related to the synthesis of biogenic metal oxide NPs, including size, concentration, and exposure methodologies. The primary goal is to understand the ecotoxicology of metal oxides, their risk evaluation, and public health implications. Offering a concise overview, this article discusses current understanding and future research avenues in nanoparticle biology. It highlights the complications and risks to public health posed by toxic metal oxides and emphasizes the importance of understanding the synthesis of nanoparticles to determine their physicochemical properties. Biological interactions of these NPs with the environment pose significant hazards to human health. Recent studies have advanced our knowledge of the emerging trends and prospects in nanoparticle ecotoxicology. This review provides a comprehensive outline of the objectives and domains of various toxicological impacts of nanoparticles, emphasizing a balanced approach to managing risks to ecosystems and human health.