Composite-enhanced solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator fabricated through temporal shaped femtosecond laser

The solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) represents an innovative energy technology, where the integration of multifunctional micro/nano-structures is pivotal for enhancing TENG performance through composite energy input. Despite its promise, the fabrication of surface triboelectric layers with controlled three-dimensional multifunctional structures remains a formidable challenge, primarily due to limitations in existing processing methods. In this study, we propose a method that combines femtosecond laser temporal-shaped processing with the hydrothermal approach. This synergistic approach enables the creation of a morphology-controllable three-dimensional stereo-structured array of zinc dioxide(ZnO) micrometer columns on the surface of PVDF films. This results in the development of a surface electric layer exhibiting a composite enhancement in photovoltaic and piezoelectric properties. Through laser modulation of the PVDF surface morphology and the distribution of ZnO nanopillar seeds, we successfully achieved 3D stereostructured arrays comprising micrometer pillars with an average size of 3 μm. The proposed method offers a flexible and rapid means to realize the fabrication of multifunctional composite-enhanced solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators. This advancement extends the utility of TENG in large-scale fabrication and the utilization of oceanic micro energy, showcasing its potential for broader applications.