The Role of Immunosuppression on Postoperative Outcomes in Facial Fracture Repair

<b>Objectives:</b> To assess postoperative outcomes in immunosuppressed patients with facial fractures. <b>Methods:</b> TriNetX, a large de-identified health research database, was utilized to compare outcomes within 30 days of treatment between immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients with facial fractures. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on use of immunosuppressive therapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). <b>Results:</b> Nine thousand four hundred seventy-five patients were identified. On subgroup analysis, 555 patients were on immunosuppressants, 429 patients had HIV, 619 patients had CKD, 1322 patients with liver disease, and 3133 had diabetes. Immunosuppressed patients more frequently experienced postoperative infections [odds ratio (OR) 1.37 (1.9-1.54), <i>P</i> < .001], thromboembolic events [OR 1.71 (1.33-2.20), <i>P</i> < .001], hemorrhage [OR 1.46 (1.10-1.92), <i>P</i> = .0087], hospital readmission [OR 1.36 (1.28-1.44), <i>P</i> < .001], subsequent emergency department encounters [OR 1.08 (1.01-1.15), <i>P</i> = .0249], and wound disruptions [OR 1.52 (1.17-1.97), <i>P</i> = .0017]. Analyses comparing outcomes by immunosuppression type found increased rates of infection [OR 1.59 (1.25-2.01), <i>P</i> < .001], thromboembolic events [OR 1.56 (1.07-2.26), <i>P</i> = .0196], wound disruption [OR 1.57 (1.03-2.39), <i>P</i> = .0357], and hospital readmission [OR 1.28 (1.16-1.42), <i>P</i> < .001] in diabetic patients. Patients with CKD [OR 1.7 (1-2.90), <i>P</i> = .0478] had higher rates of infection [OR 2.02 (1.18-3.46), <i>P</i> = .0092] and readmission [OR 1.43 (1.14-1.79), <i>P</i> = .0017]. Patients with liver disease had higher rates of infection [OR 1.54 (1.07-2.23), <i>P</i> = .0210], thromboembolic events [OR 2.84 (1.37-5.87), <i>P</i> = .0033], and readmission [OR 2.14 (1.83-2.51), <i>P</i> < .001]. No significant differences were seen between groups for HIV patients. <b>Conclusions:</b> Immunosuppressed patients with facial trauma have a higher prevalence of postoperative complications compared to immunocompetent patients. Diabetics had a higher prevalence of most complications while patients with CKD and liver disease had higher rates of infections. Surgeons may consider measures to decrease postoperative risk in these patients and to provide preoperative patient counseling.