Validation and identification of new QTLs for plant and fruit developmental and composition traits in eggplant under low N conditions

• A Solanum insanum introgression on chromosome 9 impact low N adaptation. • Identified 13 QTLs influencing chlorophyll, flavonol, nitrogen, and fruit traits. • Limited effects observed for S. dasyphyllum introgression on chromosome 2. • Environmental conditions and genetic backgrounds are crucial for eggplant expression. • Potential of wild introgressions for sustainable eggplant breeding under low N. Enhancing plant adaptation to low input conditions is a fundamental goal for implementing sustainable agriculture. In the present study, two eggplant ( Solanum melongena ) accessions (MEL1 and MEL5), two introgression lines (ILs) derived from eggplant wild relatives S. dasyphyllum (IL-M1-D1) and S. insanum (IL-M5-I9), and a heterozygous version of this last IL (IL Het -M5-I9), along with hybrids among them were evaluated under low N (LN) conditions. IL-M1-D1 carries an introgressed fragment of 4.9 Mb in homozygosis from S. dasyphyllum on chromosome 2, while IL-M5-I9 and IL Het -M5-I9 carry an introgression of 21.5 Mb on chromosome 9 in homozygosis and heterozygosis, respectively, from S. insanum . Multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for several traits of interest were associated with both introgressions under LN conditions in a previous study with segregating advanced backcrosses. Here we evaluated the performance of these materials for 22 agronomic and developmental traits under low N fertilization (LN) conditions. Hybrids with the ILs enabled the study of genetic background effects on QTLs expression. The materials evaluated showed a significant phenotypic variation, particularly within hybrids segregating for the introgression from S. insanum in chromosome 9. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among hybrids carrying or not the introgression on chromosome 2 of S. dasyphyllum , and only slight differences were observed between the IL-M1-D1 and its recurrent parent S. melongena MEL1, suggesting a limited impact of this introgression on chromosome 2 on the phenotype variation. However, the differences observed between IL-M5-I9 and its recurrent parent S. melongena MEL5, together with the association between genotypic and phenotypic variation in hybrids segregating for this introgression, allowed the identification of 13 QTLs on chromosome 9. These results successfully validated the previously identified QTLs for flavonol content in leaves, nitrogen balanced index, fruit mean weight, and nitrogen content in leaves and, also revealed nine new QTLs associated with the introgressed genomic region in chromosome 9. This study emphasizes the influence of environmental conditions, genotypes, and genetic backgrounds on the phenotypic expression of eggplant QTLs introgressed from wild relatives and highlights the importance of QTL validation. These findings contribute valuable insights for developing new eggplant cultivars for a more sustainable agriculture, particularly with adaptation to LN conditions.