Hazard Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Microplastics on Health

Microplastics, particles smaller than five millimeters, have emerged as significant environmental pollutants, drawing attention due to their widespread distribution in the atmosphere, water, and soil. They enter organisms through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, inducing cytotoxicity, tissue damage, and compound health risks. This review systematically examines exposure pathways, health hazards, and mechanisms of microplastics, aiming to inform research on their environmental health impacts.