Efficient Elliptic Curve Diffie–Hellman Key Exchange for Resource-Constrained IoT Devices

In the era of ubiquitous connectivity facilitated by the Internet of Things (IoT), ensuring robust security mechanisms for communication channels among resource-constrained devices has become imperative. Elliptic curve Diffie–Hellman (ECDH) key exchange offers strong security assurances and computational efficiency. This paper investigates the challenges and opportunities of deploying ECDH key exchange protocols on resource-constrained IoT devices. We review the fundamentals of ECDH and explore optimization techniques tailored to the limitations of embedded systems, including memory constraints, processing power, and energy efficiency. We optimize the implementation of five elliptic curves and compare them using experimental results. Our experiments focus on electronic control units and sensors in vehicular networks. The findings provide valuable insights for IoT developers, researchers, and industry stakeholders striving to enhance the security posture of embedded IoT systems while maintaining efficiency.