On the synthesis and formability of high-entropy oxides

Abstract This paper reports on a straightforward and general solution-based synthesis method for high-entropy oxides (HEOs) of different types and compositions. The flexibility and simplicity of this method are hoped to drive development of new HEOs and study of their properties and applications. Thirteen HEOs with rock salt, fluorite, spinel, and perovskite structures were synthesized using a Pechini-type synthesis at temperatures significantly lower than those necessary in solid-state synthesis (400–900 °C). Metal nitrates, nitrites, chlorides, and even water-sensitive alkoxides were used as the metal precursors with the present method. The HEOs were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Relaxation of cation size and charge rules and formability of HEOs are also discussed. The present results indicate that the classical criteria for material stability do not readily translate to high-entropy systems. For example, the well-known criteria for Goldschmidt and octahedral tolerance factors established for ordinary perovskites do not seem to describe formability of perovskite HEOs well. The discussed relaxation of cation size and charge rules will contribute to the understanding of HEO systems and development of new HEO phases.