Sustainable Green Irrigation: A Comparative Economic and Environment Analysis of Solar VS Micro-Hydroelectric Tube Wells

Escalating fuel prices significantly impact irrigation costs, prompting scholars to seek sustainable solutions. This study compares two green irrigation systems for rural Pakistan: micro-hydroelectric and solar tube wells. Data from farmers, agroengineering experts, and INCPAK were analyzed for economic and environmental impacts. The findings show that micro-hydroelectric tube wells outperform solar tube wells in net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period (PP), and benefit-cost ratio (BRC). Both systems are environmentally friendly, emitting no CO2, but micro-hydroelectric wells have a greater positive impact on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution emissions (APE). While solar technology is a viable alternative, sun exposure limits its efficiency. The study concludes that micro-hydroelectric tube wells are a more sustainable and preferable option for rural areas with limited energy access and high fuel costs. This research supports policymakers in promoting eco-friendly irrigation technologies and suggests future studies on funding, market introduction, and impacts on productivity and welfare.