Synthesis and biological properties of small molecules — ligands of non-canonical DNA and RNA structures

Nucleic acids are important targets for many anticancer drugs. Apart from the canonical B-DNA double helix, DNA forms a number of non-canonical structures (G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, hairpins, triplexes, <i>etc</i>.), which play an important role in the regulation of biological processes. Binding to non-canonical DNA structures occurs mainly by π–π-stacking. Therefore, aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds such as fused polyaromatic compounds (acridines, anthraquinones, carbazoles), porphyrins, benzothiazoles, benzimidazoles, pyridines, and quinolines, as well as their complexes are used as ligands for secondary structures. These ligands should possess not only high selectivity for non-canonical structures over double-stranded DNA, but also relatively high solubility and ability to penetrate through cell membranes. This review summarizes the achievements of 2020–2024 in the synthesis and biological studies of (hetero)arenes (acridines, anthraquinones, benzazoles, xanthones, porphyrins) and coordination compounds that have exhibited anticancer activity as a result of binding to non-canonical DNA or RNA structures. Ligands of various types of non-canonical nucleic acid structures (G-quadruplexes, i-motifs, triplexes, hairpins) are considered and their cytotoxic activity and structure–property relationships are compared <br> The bibliography includes 166 references.