Wormlike Micellar Glycerol Solutions Formed from a Double-Tailed Surfactant with Two Quaternary Ammonium Head Groups

Herein, a quaternary ammonium surfactant with dual heads and tails, <i>N</i>¹,<i>N</i>¹,<i>N</i>¹,<i>N</i>³,<i>N</i>³-pentamethyl-<i>N</i>³-(3-(2-tetradecylhexadecanamido)propyl)propane-1,3-diaminium dibromide, abbreviated as Di-C14-N2, was synthesized. For the first time, clear observation of aggregate structures formed by surfactants in pure glycerol systems was achieved using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The system's rheological properties were analyzed using both steady-state shear and oscillatory rheological measurements. The lubricating efficiency of the Di-C14-N2 glycerol solution was assessed for its tribological properties using a tribological wear tester, white light interferometer, and scanning electron microscope. In glycerol, Di-C14-N2 formed long wormlike micelles, which resulted in a glycerol solution with the zero-shear viscosity of 1013 Pa·s at 90 mM, which is the most viscous glycerol system up to now. The system displayed distinct rheological properties from the aqueous system, as evidenced by two intersections in the loss and storage moduli. The formed wormlike micelles in glycerol lead to a significant alteration in the viscoelasticity of the system, thus endowing the Di-C14-N2 glycerol solution with potential as an eco-friendly lubricant. The friction coefficient of the system was found to be 23% lower and the wear rate was 83% lower than that of pure glycerol after the addition of Di-C14-N2. This demonstrates that the addition of Di-C14-N2 greatly improves the frictional properties of pure glycerol. This study offers the possibility of directly observing the aggregate structures formed by surfactants in pure glycerol systems. It contributes to the exploration of the self-assembly behavior of surfactants in nonaqueous polar media, thereby aiding in a deeper understanding of the correlation between molecular structure, mesoscale structure, and macroscopic properties.