DESCRIPTION OF DIABETES, RISK FACTORS, ADVANCEMENTS IN DIABETES TREATMENT, AND THE EFFECT OF DIET ON QUALITY OF LIFE

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia due to abnormalities in insulin production, activity, or both. This condition leads to long-term complications, including dysfunction and damage to the kidneys, heart, nerves, eyes, and blood vessels. Insulin resistance, particularly in skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and the liver, plays a key role in the metabolic defects associated with diabetes. A prospective study was conducted at KIMS Hospital's General Medicine Department to assess the development of diabetic medications. Sixty patients were included, and the study summarized the development of insulin, oral drugs, and injectable non-insulin drugs for treating hypoglycemia. The pharmacological properties and side effects were briefly reviewed SGLT2 inhibitors, DPP-4 inhibitors, and GPR40 agonists are promising treatments. Future research should focus on understanding the mechanisms of diabetes, preventative measures, early diagnosis, and developing new drugs with fewer side effects.