Energy and fluid dynamics of PEM fuel cells in automotive applications: integration strategies for enhanced performance

Fuel cells using proton exchange membranes, or PEMs, are leading the way in the adoption of sustainable vehicle technology. This study investigates the synergistic integration of PEM fuel cells with advanced battery systems in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) to enhance energy management and efficiency. By implementing a hybrid energy management strategy that combines the consistent power output of PEM fuel cells with the dynamic response capabilities of lithium-ion batteries, the system achieves a 15% increase in fuel efficiency and a 20% reduction in hydrogen consumption compared to conventional configurations. Simulations conducted over various driving cycles, including urban, suburban, and highway scenarios, reveal that this hybrid setup not only improves operational flexibility but also reduces the dependency on the PEM fuel cell during low-demand periods by up to 30%. These results imply that the suggested integration approach greatly improves the sustainability and overall performance of FCVs, establishing them as a workable option for lowering emissions associated with transportation.