Biocompatible Nano-Cocrystal Engineering for Targeted Herbicide Delivery: Enhancing Efficacy through Stimuli-Responsive Release and Reduced Environmental Losses

In addressing the critical challenges posed by the misuse and inefficiency of traditional pesticides, we introduce a Nano-Cocrystal material composed of the herbicide clopyralid and coformer phenazine. Developed through synergistic supramolecular self-assembly and mechanochemical nanotechnology, this Nano-Cocrystal significantly enhances pesticide performance. It exhibits a marked improvement in stability, with reductions in hygroscopicity and volatility by approximately 38%. Moreover, it intelligently modulates release according to environmental factors, such as temperature, pH, and soil inorganic salts, demonstrating decreased solubility by up to four times and improved wettability and adhesion on leaf surfaces. Importantly, the herbicidal activity surpasses that of pure clopyralid, increasing suppression rates of <i>Medicago sativa</i> L. and <i>Oxalis corniculata</i> L. by up to 27% at the highest dosage. This Nano-Cocrystal also shows enhanced crop safety and reduced genotoxicity compared to conventional formulations. Offering a blend of simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and robust stability, our findings contribute a sustainable solution to agricultural practices, favoring the safety of nontarget organisms.