Integrated farming optimization ensures high-yield crop production with decreased nitrogen leaching and improved soil fertility: The findings from a 12-year experimental study

Sustainable farming practices, including precision fertilization, water-saving irrigation and recycling of organic materials, have been implemented worldwide in recent decades to achieve high crop yields and minimize nonpoint source pollution. However, the comprehensive impacts of these agricultural practices have seldom been systematically evaluated in field production. As agricultural intensification started in the 1980s, most previous studies focused on a single practice in the context of low land productivity. The objective of this research is to investigate and evaluate how holistic farming practices affect both crop production and environmental quality. We reported findings from a 12-year experiment (2008–2020) in the highly intensive North China Plain (NCP) farming region, and conventional and optimized farming measures were compared. Three field treatments with annual double cropping (winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L . ) and summer maize (Z ea mays L . )) were chosen in the study, i.e., control without nitrogen (N) application (CK), farmers’ conventional practices (CON), and optimized practices (OPT), were chosen for this study. Compared with the CON treatment, OPT reduced N fertilizer input by 41.4 % and irrigation water by 27.1 % but produced similar grain yields; OPT increased the N recovery efficiency (RE N ) and N utilization efficiency (NUT 2 E) by 90.4 % and 53.0 %, respectively; these values were much greater than the increases in RE N (+56.1 %) and NUT 2 E (+25.5 %) when soil N change was not considered. Similarly, compared with those in the CON treatment, the soil N stock (0–60 cm) in the OPT treatment increased by 8.4 %, and the N loss via leaching, ammonia volatilization and N 2 O + NO + N 2 decreased by 47.1 %, 11.4 % and 28.6 %, respectively. Our study revealed that the integration of optimized practices of organic material recycling, precision fertilization and water-saving irrigation substantially reduced N losses, mainly through decreased N leaching, but maintained fertilizer N in the root-zone soil layer, which is important for a sustainable and high-yield crop production. The dissemination of these optimized practices to other regions in China and beyond will be highly important for achieving the dual goals of food security and environmental protection. • Organic materials recycling alleviated yield decrease due to reduced N fertilization. • Water–saving irrigation and optimized fertilization reduced N loss mainly via leaching. • N sequestration mostly occurred at the 0–60 cm soil depth. • Optimum practices improved N efficiencies similar to those in developed countries.