Review—Nanotechnology-Based Biosensors for Biomedical Applications

Biosensors are inevitable tools for biomedical applications, including disease diagnosis, monitoring, and drug management. Integrated with nanotechnology, these biosensors have improved patient outcomes by providing rapid diagnosis, strategic prognosis, and remote access, decreasing the burden of present-day healthcare facilities. Due to enhanced surface-to-volume ratio and tunable physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, nanotechnology-based biosensors have emerged as transformative tools in the biomedical sector, offering unparalleled sensitivity and specificity for detecting and analyzing biological molecules for targeted disease diagnosis. This review explores the advancements in biosensor technology, emphasizing the integration of various nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, and quantum dots, to enhance device performance in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. We discuss the operational principles of different biosensor types- such as electrochemical, optical, solid-state, and DNA-based sensors and their applications in healthcare, from early disease detection to personalized treatment management. Moreover, the review delves into the challenges, alternate solutions, and future prospects of biosensor development, highlighting the role of artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, and 5 G communication in creating next-generation smart biosensors for healthcare applications.