S-Nitrosylation of p39 promotes its degradation and contributes to synaptic dysfunction induced by β-amyloid peptide

Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by cognitive decline, is increasingly recognized as a disorder marked by synaptic loss and dysfunction. Despite this understanding, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms contributing to synaptic impairment remain largely unknown. In this study, we elucidate a previously undiscovered signaling pathway wherein the S-nitrosylation of the Cdk5 activator p39, a post-translational modification involving the addition of nitric oxide to protein cysteine residues, plays a crucial role in synaptic dysfunction associated with AD. Our investigation reveals heightened p39 S-nitrosylation in the brain of an amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) transgenic mouse model of AD. Additionally, soluble amyloid-β oligomers (Aβ), implicated in synaptic loss in AD, induce p39 S-nitrosylation in cultured neurons. Notably, we uncover that p39 protein level is regulated by S-nitrosylation, with nitric oxide S-nitrosylating p39 at Cys265 and subsequently promoting its degradation. Furthermore, our study demonstrates that S-nitrosylation of p39 at Cys265 significantly contributes to amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide-induced dendrite retraction and spine loss. Collectively, our findings highlight S-nitrosylation of p39 as a novel aberrant redox protein modification involved in the pathogenesis of AD, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for the disease.