GIS Technique for Assessing Quality and Hydrochemistry of Karbala Governorate Groundwater

Using GIS methodologies for spatial analysis, this study examined groundwater's hydrogeochemical properties and quality in the Karbala Governorate in western Iraq. The study area is significant due to the presence of groundwater reservoirs within the sand-filled Debdebba and Dammam limestone formations. The pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), and major chemical ion concentrations were measured in several wells using data from the Iraqi General Corporation of Groundwater. The average concentration of the principal ions was distributed in the following order in Karbala's groundwater: SO4-2 > Cl- > Na+ > HCO3- > Mg+2 > K+ > NO3-. According to the results, Karbala's groundwater is unfit for drinking, mostly because of its high total dissolved solids and water quality index readings, and also classified groundwater as having a very high salinity hazard and a medium sodium (alkali) danger. This study highlights the significance of implementing suitable water management and remediation measures by providing insightful information on the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Karbala Governorate. The findings of this study underscore the importance of assessing groundwater quality before it is used for irrigation to protect public health and the environment.