Pyridazine Derivatives as New Antidiabetic Agents: Synthesis, In‐Vitro α‐Amylase Inhibitory Activity, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations Studies

Abstract This study involved the synthesis, characterization, and assessment of fourteen pyridazine analogs (designated as 1 – 14 ) to investigate their efficacy in inhibiting the α‐amylase enzyme for potential diabetes treatment using an in vitro approach. Additionally, in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were conducted to assess the inhibitory properties of these analogs. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the fourteen pyridazine analogs were predicted using the DataWarrior tool. Results indicated that all tested compounds demonstrated significant α‐amylase inhibitory activity, with IC 50 values ranging from 81.28±0.00 to 1623.54±2.67 μM compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC 50 =220.42±36.40 μM). Notably, compounds 8 and 12 exhibited the most potent α‐amylase inhibitory activity, with IC 50 values of 81.28±0.00 μM and 200.60±34.65 μM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed binding energies ranging from −7.53 to −5.77 kcal/mol and inhibition constants ranging from 3.00 to 58.96 μM, with compounds 9 , 7 , 8 , 5 , and 3 demonstrating the best binding energies. Subsequent MD simulation analyses indicated that all five compound formed stable complexes after 100 ns MD simulation. Consequently, these compounds hold promise as potential α‐amylase inhibitors pending successful clinical validation.