UGV‐Based Precision Spraying System for Chemical Apple Blossom Thinning on Trellis Trained Canopies

ABSTRACT Blossom thinning is one of the key steps in apple crop load management that improves the quality of apples, reduces stress on the trees, and avoids the likelihood of biennial bearing. Conventional chemical blossom thinning such as air‐blast spraying can lead to excessive use of chemical thinner to ensure full coverage, which can also cause leaf damage fruit russeting. In addition, a well‐trained operator is required to use these chemical spraying systems. To address these challenges, a UGV‐based precision spraying system was developed for automated and targeted chemical blossom thinning for apples. The system is capable of automatically driving along the tree row in the orchard environment during blooming stage, locating apple flower clusters to be thinned using a real‐time machine vision system, and precisely spraying the chemical thinner to the targeted flower clusters. A set of field tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the UGV‐based target spraying system by comparing it to a conventional air‐blast sprayer (ABS) and a previous prototype named the cartesian target sprayer (CTS). Tests showed that the flower cluster detection reached a precision of 93.8%. The UGV‐based spraying system used 2.2 L of chemical thinner to finish the chemical thinning for 30 apple trees, followed by the ABS and CTS with 4.2 and 2.4 L usage, respectively. The robotic system also obtained an average fruit set of 2.2 per cluster after thinning, which was comparable to that with the air blast sprayer. The findings indicated that the robotic thinning system demonstrated a 66.7% reduction in chemical usage compared to the ABS and exhibited a 43.0% faster operational pace than the CTS, while attaining a comparable fruit set per cluster. The outcomes of the study provided guidance for developing a full scale robotic chemical thinning system for modern apple orchards.