A comprehensive analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of pulsed electric fields during soil electrokinetic remediation

Abstract Soil electrokinetic remediation (SEKR) is considered an effective method for removing pollutants by integrating chemical, physical, and biological treatments. It has multiple applications in fields such as dewatering, consolidation, sedimentation, seed germination, etc. This work builds upon a series of recent publications on SEKR, covering topics like electrode approaches, reverse polarity-based SEK, SEK design modifications, installation of perforated materials, and chemical-based SEK. This review focuses on the role of pulsed electric field (PEF) in enhancing the performance of SEKR. There are several other names for the PEF, including periodic, interval, “ON” and “OFF”, intermittent, and breaking electric fields. PEF is proposed as a solution to overcome certain obstacles in SEKR. The review evaluates PEF's impact on (a) remediating organic and inorganic hazards, anions, and salt, (b) integrating with other processes (reverse polarity, phytoremediation, and bioremediation), and (c) electro-dewatering and consolidation. PEF offers several advantages, such as reducing energy consumption, converting the residual fractions into weakly bound fractions, achieving satisfactory remediation, avoiding the voltage drop in the area across the cation exchange membrane, enhancing desorption and/or migration of charged species, permits the exchange of contaminant from solid to the liquid phase (interstitial fluid), allows contaminant diffusion through the soil pores during the off time, generate high electroosmotic flow, avoiding electrode corrosion, decreasing concentration polarization, etc. However, it may also prolong the remediation period and cause contaminant diffusion through the soil pores, which are considered obstacles for SEKR. This review also describe different techniques related to PEF and highlights the potential use of solar cells as a renewable energy source for SEKR. Graphic abstract