Multiphase distribution in partly saturated hierarchical nonwoven fibre networks under applied load using X-ray computed tomography

Abstract In many industrial applications, nonwoven fibre networks are facilitated to operate under partly saturated conditions, allowing for filtration, liquid absorption and liquid transport. Resolving the governing liquid distribution in loaded polyamide-6 (PA6) fibre networks using X-ray computed micro-tomography is a challenge due to the similar X-ray attenuation coefficients of water and PA6 and limitations in using background subtraction techniques if the network is deformed, which will be the case if subjected to compression. In this work, we developed a method using a potassium iodide solution in water to enhance the liquid’s attenuation coefficient without modifying the water’s rheological properties. Therefore, we studied the evolving liquid distribution in loaded and partly saturated PA6 fibre networks on the microscale. Increasing the external load applied to the network, we observed an exponential decrease in air content while the liquid content was constant, increasing the overall saturation with increasing network strain. Furthermore, the microstructural properties created by the punch-needle process in the manufacturing of the network significantly influenced the out-of-plane liquid distribution. The method has been proven helpful in understanding the results of adaptions in both the fibre network design and manufacturing process, allowing for investigating the resulting liquid distribution on a microscale.